Summary
- Expanding Historical Thinking: Modern historical thinking is evolving to include Earth's and the galaxy's histories, recognizing forms of consciousness within these processes.
- God and History: Some thinkers suggest God is an interwoven consciousness within the unfolding histories of the planet and the universe.
- Indigenous Perspectives: Indigenous and traditional peoples have long embraced a view of history that includes the Earth, animals, ancestors, and the sacred, predating modern expansions of historical thinking.
- Interconnected Histories: Human history is deeply intertwined with Earth’s history, geological formations, animals, plants, and the history of God, understood as the soul of the universe, challenging the idea of a self-contained human narrative.
- History Includes the Future: Historical thinking often neglects the future, yet history is a dynamic process of becoming, influencing both past and future events.
- Telos of History: History's purpose, or telos, is a pursuit of Beauty, present at every level of existence and expressed in forms like love, as inspired by God within the ongoing process.
- Tragedy in History: History includes pain, violence, and unrealized potential, yet God, as a lure toward Beauty, seeks to transform tragedy into meaningful experiences without coercion.
- History’s Openness: History is not pre-determined; it reflects a balance of past influences and present creativity, allowing for spontaneity and unforeseen developments.
- Dynamic Co-Creation: The unfolding of history involves continuity and novelty, where humans, the universe, and God co-create the future through choices and possibilities.
- Call to Action: Expanding historical thinking inspires us to build civilizations grounded in respect, care, and beauty, contributing to the ongoing history of Earth, the galaxies, and God.
Expanding Boundaries
In our time, the boundaries of historical thinking are expanding. We are beginning to see ourselves as part of Earth’s history and Galactic history, recognizing that something akin to "consciousness" or "subjectivity" exists within these processes. Some thinkers, inspired by Teilhard de Chardin and process philosophers influenced by Alfred North Whitehead, even suggest that God is a form of consciousness interwoven throughout the unfolding history of our planet and galaxy.
Yet, this expansion of historical boundaries is not entirely new. For those of us shaped by humanistic and modern Western traditions, it may feel novel. However, many indigenous and traditional peoples have long embraced a view of history that encompasses the Earth, animals, plants, geological formations, ancestors, and the sacred. In broadening our historical perspective, we are, in many ways, catching up with insights they have carried for generations.
Often, when modern peoples think "historically," we limit ourselves to uniquely human narratives, frequently neglecting other forms of history: the histories of Earth itself, animals and plants, geological formations, stars and galaxies, evolution, microbes, emotions, ideas, spirits, ancestors, and even the ongoing history of God. Yet human history is deeply entangled with these other histories, and many of them, in turn, include and shape human history. The very notion of a compartmentalized, self-contained human history is profoundly flawed.
Moreover, historical thinking often fixates on the past, overlooking the future as an integral part of history. This, too, is a misconception. History is not a static archive of what has been; it is a dynamic process of becoming. Even when the history of a particular entity or group has reached its conclusion, its influences persist, resonating and shaping the trajectory of subsequent events. In this sense, history is always alive, stretching backward and forward in time. Three essential questions naturally arise in this broader view of history:
Is There a "Telos" in History?
I suggest that there is. However, this telos is not a single, imposed order external to history itself. Instead, it is an aim or lure toward richness of experience, present at every level of existence. This telos is not merely inspired by God as an external force but is God—as present within the ongoing history of consciousness in all its forms. Another name for this telos is Beauty. The universe’s purpose, then, is an ongoing adventure into manifold kinds of Beauty. On our planet, but perhaps also on other planets, one of the most beautiful forms of beauty is love.
Is There Tragedy in History?
Undeniably, yes. History is marked by pain, unrealized potential, violence, and, in the human sphere, sin. It can be described as a slaughterhouse even as it is also an adventure into Beauty. God, understood as the lure toward Beauty, includes all of history but does not will all of it. In this view, God works not through coercion but through invitation, seeking to transform tragedy into something meaningful while respecting the freedom inherent in the process of becoming.
Is History Pre-Determined?
No, history is not pre-determined. While the past exerts causal influence on the present, there is spontaneity and novelty in each moment. Process philosophers, following Alfred North Whitehead, describe this as the interplay of the past, which provides a foundation, and the present, which is a field of creative possibilities. Each moment of history is shaped by what has come before but also contains an element of freedom—a capacity for new decisions and unforeseen developments.
This understanding expands the boundaries of historical thinking. It allows us to see history not as a rigid chain of cause and effect, but as a dynamic process of becoming, in which humans and all living beings participate creatively. Even on the cosmic scale, from Earth’s geological transformations to the evolution of galaxies, the unfolding of history reflects both continuity with the past and the emergence of something new. This openness to novelty suggests that the future is not fully determined but is co-created through the choices of individuals, communities, and even the universe itself, inspired by what Whitehead and others call the "divine lure" toward richer possibilities
The purpose of the remainder of this page is to offer springboards for rethinking history—its interconnectedness, fluidity, and ever-evolving nature. Topics include world history, ten kinds of history, value in history, divine history, the role of scriptural revelation in history, science as a form of revelation, and the calling in our time to build new kinds of civilization. Such civilizations would be grounded in respect and care for one another and all forms of life on this small planet we call home. the emergence of such civilizations is by no means pre-determined. But to whatever degree they emerge, they are beautiful, and some degree of beauty is added to the ongoing history of planet, the galaxies, and God.
Yet, this expansion of historical boundaries is not entirely new. For those of us shaped by humanistic and modern Western traditions, it may feel novel. However, many indigenous and traditional peoples have long embraced a view of history that encompasses the Earth, animals, plants, geological formations, ancestors, and the sacred. In broadening our historical perspective, we are, in many ways, catching up with insights they have carried for generations.
Often, when modern peoples think "historically," we limit ourselves to uniquely human narratives, frequently neglecting other forms of history: the histories of Earth itself, animals and plants, geological formations, stars and galaxies, evolution, microbes, emotions, ideas, spirits, ancestors, and even the ongoing history of God. Yet human history is deeply entangled with these other histories, and many of them, in turn, include and shape human history. The very notion of a compartmentalized, self-contained human history is profoundly flawed.
Moreover, historical thinking often fixates on the past, overlooking the future as an integral part of history. This, too, is a misconception. History is not a static archive of what has been; it is a dynamic process of becoming. Even when the history of a particular entity or group has reached its conclusion, its influences persist, resonating and shaping the trajectory of subsequent events. In this sense, history is always alive, stretching backward and forward in time. Three essential questions naturally arise in this broader view of history:
Is There a "Telos" in History?
I suggest that there is. However, this telos is not a single, imposed order external to history itself. Instead, it is an aim or lure toward richness of experience, present at every level of existence. This telos is not merely inspired by God as an external force but is God—as present within the ongoing history of consciousness in all its forms. Another name for this telos is Beauty. The universe’s purpose, then, is an ongoing adventure into manifold kinds of Beauty. On our planet, but perhaps also on other planets, one of the most beautiful forms of beauty is love.
Is There Tragedy in History?
Undeniably, yes. History is marked by pain, unrealized potential, violence, and, in the human sphere, sin. It can be described as a slaughterhouse even as it is also an adventure into Beauty. God, understood as the lure toward Beauty, includes all of history but does not will all of it. In this view, God works not through coercion but through invitation, seeking to transform tragedy into something meaningful while respecting the freedom inherent in the process of becoming.
Is History Pre-Determined?
No, history is not pre-determined. While the past exerts causal influence on the present, there is spontaneity and novelty in each moment. Process philosophers, following Alfred North Whitehead, describe this as the interplay of the past, which provides a foundation, and the present, which is a field of creative possibilities. Each moment of history is shaped by what has come before but also contains an element of freedom—a capacity for new decisions and unforeseen developments.
This understanding expands the boundaries of historical thinking. It allows us to see history not as a rigid chain of cause and effect, but as a dynamic process of becoming, in which humans and all living beings participate creatively. Even on the cosmic scale, from Earth’s geological transformations to the evolution of galaxies, the unfolding of history reflects both continuity with the past and the emergence of something new. This openness to novelty suggests that the future is not fully determined but is co-created through the choices of individuals, communities, and even the universe itself, inspired by what Whitehead and others call the "divine lure" toward richer possibilities
The purpose of the remainder of this page is to offer springboards for rethinking history—its interconnectedness, fluidity, and ever-evolving nature. Topics include world history, ten kinds of history, value in history, divine history, the role of scriptural revelation in history, science as a form of revelation, and the calling in our time to build new kinds of civilization. Such civilizations would be grounded in respect and care for one another and all forms of life on this small planet we call home. the emergence of such civilizations is by no means pre-determined. But to whatever degree they emerge, they are beautiful, and some degree of beauty is added to the ongoing history of planet, the galaxies, and God.
World History
Hegel and Whitehead
We homo sapiens are about 300,000 years old, the latest in a lineage of hominids that includes Neanderthals, Denisovans, and other ancestral species who shaped the evolutionary journey of humanity.
It took a significant amount of time for us to begin imagining ourselves in terms of world history, with the world envisioned as a round planet, floating in space, on which many continents and nations evolve. I will call this planetary history.
Our sense of an outer "world" was, of necessity, much smaller in scope—initially defined by the immediate environment of foraging grounds, tribal territories, and seasonal migrations. Over millennia, as human communities expanded and developed, our sense of "world" grew, incorporating broader landscapes, neighboring tribes, and eventually interconnected trade routes that linked diverse cultures. At the same time, however, we often imagined ourselves as in concourse with other worlds - spirit worlds, divine worlds - that had their histories. In a sense we were part of cosmic history even as we did not have a sense of "world" history understood as Earth history.
The gradual broadening of our worldview was accompanied by intellectual and cultural shifts, from mythological understandings of the cosmos to the development of philosophical and scientific frameworks that situated humanity within a larger planetary context. The invention of tools like the compass and the telescope, as well as conceptual revolutions like Copernicus' heliocentric model, helped expand our mental horizons, culminating in the modern view of Earth as a singular, interconnected planet.
Today planetary consciousness leads many to speak of Earth History, where humanity increasingly understands itself as part of a planetary story, intertwined with the histories of ecosystems, climate, and the evolution of life itself. This expanded view challenges us to think beyond our human-centered narratives, recognizing the Earth as a living system with its own dynamic processes.
Among Western philosophers, Hegel played a crucial role in advancing this broader perspective, albeit focused primarily on human history, not Earth history. By situating human life within the larger context of global historical development—including the histories of diverse continents and peoples, such as African and Chinese civilizations—Hegel contributed to a widening of thought that moved beyond localized or nationalistic frameworks. His philosophy asserts that human beings are, or have the potential to be, active agents of their own history, resisting reduction to mere products of external factors. This implies that freedom and self-determination are central to the human experience. Moreover, Hegel famously links the history of God to the unfolding history of humanity, presenting a vision in which divine and human development are inextricably intertwined. For Hegel, this unfolding occurs in a progressive manner, culminating in the realization of greater freedom, rationality, and self-awareness.
This imaginative leap—to view ourselves as participants in a world history—is not static. It continues to expand and evolve. Process philosophers resonate with many aspects of Hegel’s vision while offering a significant expansion. Whitehead’s process philosophy not only incorporates the interconnectedness of human and divine history but also situates human history within the larger framework of the more-than-human world and, indeed, the cosmos. This cosmic perspective emphasizes that agency is not confined to human beings; it permeates the universe, extending into the depths of matter and the reaches of the heavens. Agency, in this sense, is not necessarily reflective or self-conscious, even in humans, much of whose activity is pre-conscious or habitual. Instead, it reflects the relational, participatory nature of all existence, aligned with Whitehead's principle of "creativity."
In our time, this widening perspective continues with a transformative possibility. Rather than thinking of human beings solely as agents in world history, we can begin to imagine ourselves as players—major or minor—in galactic history. This shift challenges anthropocentric and terrestrial views of significance, inviting us to situate humanity within a much larger cosmic narrative. Process philosophy entertains the idea that extraterrestrial life forms may exist, shaping their histories in ways analogous to or surpassing human endeavors. These beings, if they exist, would be participants in a galactic history, of which Earth and its inhabitants are one part.
Whitehead opens up yet another dimension to this perspective through his notion of the extensive continuum. This concept envisions reality as having multiple dimensions, not merely the three spatial dimensions familiar to us. It introduces the intriguing possibility that there may be beings existing in these other dimensions who likewise participate in galactic history. These beings, like those potentially inhabiting other planets, could intersect with, influence, or transcend the histories we know.
Whitehead’s extensive continuum invites us to think beyond the physical cosmos as we perceive it, expanding our imagination to include dimensions and forms of existence that may operate under principles unfamiliar to us but still relationally connected to the broader web of cosmic becoming. This framework allows for the possibility that galactic history is not confined to entities within our three-dimensional space-time but is a richly layered, multi-dimensional process of interaction and creativity.
This act of imagining—a central theme in both Hegel’s and Whitehead’s thought—points to a profound truth about human nature. We are storytellers, visionaries, and meaning-makers. Our ability to imagine ourselves in ever-larger contexts is not merely a cognitive exercise but a deeply relational and transformative process. As we stretch the boundaries of our imagination, situating ourselves within galactic and even multi-dimensional histories, we embrace a humbler yet more awe-inspiring view of existence.
In sum, Whitehead deepens and transforms Hegel’s vision of history. Where Hegel focused on the progressive unfolding of Spirit through human history, Whitehead repositions humanity as one participant in a vast, interconnected web of historical development encompassing Earth, the more-than-human world, potential extraterrestrial beings, and even entities in other dimensions. This "galacticization" of Hegel emphasizes diversity, relationality, and the open-endedness of cosmic history. It challenges us to embrace a humbler yet more awe-inspiring view of existence, rooted in relationality, creativity, and openness to the unknown.
It took a significant amount of time for us to begin imagining ourselves in terms of world history, with the world envisioned as a round planet, floating in space, on which many continents and nations evolve. I will call this planetary history.
Our sense of an outer "world" was, of necessity, much smaller in scope—initially defined by the immediate environment of foraging grounds, tribal territories, and seasonal migrations. Over millennia, as human communities expanded and developed, our sense of "world" grew, incorporating broader landscapes, neighboring tribes, and eventually interconnected trade routes that linked diverse cultures. At the same time, however, we often imagined ourselves as in concourse with other worlds - spirit worlds, divine worlds - that had their histories. In a sense we were part of cosmic history even as we did not have a sense of "world" history understood as Earth history.
The gradual broadening of our worldview was accompanied by intellectual and cultural shifts, from mythological understandings of the cosmos to the development of philosophical and scientific frameworks that situated humanity within a larger planetary context. The invention of tools like the compass and the telescope, as well as conceptual revolutions like Copernicus' heliocentric model, helped expand our mental horizons, culminating in the modern view of Earth as a singular, interconnected planet.
Today planetary consciousness leads many to speak of Earth History, where humanity increasingly understands itself as part of a planetary story, intertwined with the histories of ecosystems, climate, and the evolution of life itself. This expanded view challenges us to think beyond our human-centered narratives, recognizing the Earth as a living system with its own dynamic processes.
Among Western philosophers, Hegel played a crucial role in advancing this broader perspective, albeit focused primarily on human history, not Earth history. By situating human life within the larger context of global historical development—including the histories of diverse continents and peoples, such as African and Chinese civilizations—Hegel contributed to a widening of thought that moved beyond localized or nationalistic frameworks. His philosophy asserts that human beings are, or have the potential to be, active agents of their own history, resisting reduction to mere products of external factors. This implies that freedom and self-determination are central to the human experience. Moreover, Hegel famously links the history of God to the unfolding history of humanity, presenting a vision in which divine and human development are inextricably intertwined. For Hegel, this unfolding occurs in a progressive manner, culminating in the realization of greater freedom, rationality, and self-awareness.
This imaginative leap—to view ourselves as participants in a world history—is not static. It continues to expand and evolve. Process philosophers resonate with many aspects of Hegel’s vision while offering a significant expansion. Whitehead’s process philosophy not only incorporates the interconnectedness of human and divine history but also situates human history within the larger framework of the more-than-human world and, indeed, the cosmos. This cosmic perspective emphasizes that agency is not confined to human beings; it permeates the universe, extending into the depths of matter and the reaches of the heavens. Agency, in this sense, is not necessarily reflective or self-conscious, even in humans, much of whose activity is pre-conscious or habitual. Instead, it reflects the relational, participatory nature of all existence, aligned with Whitehead's principle of "creativity."
In our time, this widening perspective continues with a transformative possibility. Rather than thinking of human beings solely as agents in world history, we can begin to imagine ourselves as players—major or minor—in galactic history. This shift challenges anthropocentric and terrestrial views of significance, inviting us to situate humanity within a much larger cosmic narrative. Process philosophy entertains the idea that extraterrestrial life forms may exist, shaping their histories in ways analogous to or surpassing human endeavors. These beings, if they exist, would be participants in a galactic history, of which Earth and its inhabitants are one part.
Whitehead opens up yet another dimension to this perspective through his notion of the extensive continuum. This concept envisions reality as having multiple dimensions, not merely the three spatial dimensions familiar to us. It introduces the intriguing possibility that there may be beings existing in these other dimensions who likewise participate in galactic history. These beings, like those potentially inhabiting other planets, could intersect with, influence, or transcend the histories we know.
Whitehead’s extensive continuum invites us to think beyond the physical cosmos as we perceive it, expanding our imagination to include dimensions and forms of existence that may operate under principles unfamiliar to us but still relationally connected to the broader web of cosmic becoming. This framework allows for the possibility that galactic history is not confined to entities within our three-dimensional space-time but is a richly layered, multi-dimensional process of interaction and creativity.
This act of imagining—a central theme in both Hegel’s and Whitehead’s thought—points to a profound truth about human nature. We are storytellers, visionaries, and meaning-makers. Our ability to imagine ourselves in ever-larger contexts is not merely a cognitive exercise but a deeply relational and transformative process. As we stretch the boundaries of our imagination, situating ourselves within galactic and even multi-dimensional histories, we embrace a humbler yet more awe-inspiring view of existence.
In sum, Whitehead deepens and transforms Hegel’s vision of history. Where Hegel focused on the progressive unfolding of Spirit through human history, Whitehead repositions humanity as one participant in a vast, interconnected web of historical development encompassing Earth, the more-than-human world, potential extraterrestrial beings, and even entities in other dimensions. This "galacticization" of Hegel emphasizes diversity, relationality, and the open-endedness of cosmic history. It challenges us to embrace a humbler yet more awe-inspiring view of existence, rooted in relationality, creativity, and openness to the unknown.
Ten Kinds of History
We human beings live within many histories, both small and large. It is a mistake to think that the large histories are always more relevant than the smaller ones. Sometimes it is the reverse. To understand an emerging disease, we best appeal to bacteria in the body, not the history of the universe. The relevance of a "historical context" depends on the question being asked.
Imagine also an addict who seeks freedom from an addiction. To understand her plight, we best attend to her habits in the present moment, and how they are shaped by the past, not by her place in Earth history. Again, the relevance of a "historical context" depends on the question being asked.
Process philosophy invites us to recognize at least ten kinds of historical contexts, each interconnected and evolving: momentary history, personal history, local history, regional history, world history, species history, earth history, galactic history, mythic history, and divine history. Divine history (see below) is the most inclusive, but all are important and interwoven. Imagine living cells within the human body, each with its own history, and then imagine the mind in whom those cells reside, with its own history. This mind is God: the living whole of the universe, with its own history, albeit connected to the others. These various histories, macro and micro, are not static but are themselves dynamic, continually unfolding in response to new circumstances and possibilities. Together, they form a relational whole which is the universe plus God.
From a process perspective, consciousness or mind - Whitehead's word was "subjectivity" - permeates all dimensions of history. It is not in God alone. Consciousness or mind begins with momentary experiences, evolves through biological and cultural processes, and reaches cosmic and divine expressions. This view reframes the history of consciousness as a universal process, integrating physical, biological, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of existence. Mind is not isolated but a dynamic thread weaving through the fabric of reality, from the smallest moments to the vast cosmos.
Here are ten forms or kinds of history briefly described:
Momentary History
The history of a single moment of experience as it comes into being and becomes part of the past. Each moment is a creative act, synthesizing past influences and future possibilities into something new. Momentary history shows how even the smallest events contribute to the larger story of existence.
Personal History
The unfolding story of an individual, composed of countless concrescing moments. Each moment integrates past experiences, opens new possibilities, and connects personal history to the broader fabric of relational life. Personal histories bridge micro and macro scales.
Local History
The rich, relational stories of families, neighborhoods, and communities. Local histories evolve as they adapt to new circumstances, reflecting the interplay between individual lives and communal patterns.
Regional History
The broader narratives of cultures, societies, and geographic regions. These histories are shaped by the interaction of diverse traditions, ideas, and environments, reflecting the dynamic evolution of human relationships on a larger scale.
World (Human) History
The collective story of humanity, shaped by individual and communal choices, cultural innovations, and social structures. Human history encompasses:
Species History
The story of humanity as a species, evolving biologically, socially, and culturally over millions of years. Species history includes:
Earth History
The story of life on Earth, encompassing chemical, geological, biological, and cultural evolution:
Galactic History
The scientific account of the universe’s evolution, from the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. This history provides the cosmic stage for Earth and life. Galactic history includes black holes.
Mythic History
The symbolic and imaginative narratives that connect human experience to larger-than-life meanings. Mythic histories evolve over time, offering frameworks for understanding existence and pointing toward spiritual dimensions of reality.
Divine History
The unfolding story of God, understood in process philosophy as relational and evolving. God’s history is shaped by creativity, love, and the interplay of all other histories, weaving them into a cosmic narrative of connection and possibility.
Imagine also an addict who seeks freedom from an addiction. To understand her plight, we best attend to her habits in the present moment, and how they are shaped by the past, not by her place in Earth history. Again, the relevance of a "historical context" depends on the question being asked.
Process philosophy invites us to recognize at least ten kinds of historical contexts, each interconnected and evolving: momentary history, personal history, local history, regional history, world history, species history, earth history, galactic history, mythic history, and divine history. Divine history (see below) is the most inclusive, but all are important and interwoven. Imagine living cells within the human body, each with its own history, and then imagine the mind in whom those cells reside, with its own history. This mind is God: the living whole of the universe, with its own history, albeit connected to the others. These various histories, macro and micro, are not static but are themselves dynamic, continually unfolding in response to new circumstances and possibilities. Together, they form a relational whole which is the universe plus God.
From a process perspective, consciousness or mind - Whitehead's word was "subjectivity" - permeates all dimensions of history. It is not in God alone. Consciousness or mind begins with momentary experiences, evolves through biological and cultural processes, and reaches cosmic and divine expressions. This view reframes the history of consciousness as a universal process, integrating physical, biological, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of existence. Mind is not isolated but a dynamic thread weaving through the fabric of reality, from the smallest moments to the vast cosmos.
Here are ten forms or kinds of history briefly described:
Momentary History
The history of a single moment of experience as it comes into being and becomes part of the past. Each moment is a creative act, synthesizing past influences and future possibilities into something new. Momentary history shows how even the smallest events contribute to the larger story of existence.
Personal History
The unfolding story of an individual, composed of countless concrescing moments. Each moment integrates past experiences, opens new possibilities, and connects personal history to the broader fabric of relational life. Personal histories bridge micro and macro scales.
Local History
The rich, relational stories of families, neighborhoods, and communities. Local histories evolve as they adapt to new circumstances, reflecting the interplay between individual lives and communal patterns.
Regional History
The broader narratives of cultures, societies, and geographic regions. These histories are shaped by the interaction of diverse traditions, ideas, and environments, reflecting the dynamic evolution of human relationships on a larger scale.
World (Human) History
The collective story of humanity, shaped by individual and communal choices, cultural innovations, and social structures. Human history encompasses:
- Social Evolution: The development of societies, institutions, and governance structures.
- Technological Evolution: The advancement of tools, technologies, and their impact on human life and the planet.
- Cultural Evolution: The dynamic progression of art, language, religion, and ethics.
- Environmental Interaction: Humanity's evolving relationship with Earth's ecosystems, including the challenges of sustainability.
Species History
The story of humanity as a species, evolving biologically, socially, and culturally over millions of years. Species history includes:
- Biological Evolution: Tracing the origins of Homo sapiens and our shared ancestry with other species. This includes the development of bipedalism, tool use, and brain capacity.
- Social Structures: The formation of familial groups, tribes, and eventually civilizations.
- Cultural Milestones: The development of language, art, religion, and ethical systems that shape and express the collective consciousness of humanity.
- Global Challenges: The shared journey of our species facing ecological crises, technological advancements, and social transformations.
Earth History
The story of life on Earth, encompassing chemical, geological, biological, and cultural evolution:
- Chemical Evolution: The formation of complex molecules, paving the way for life.
- Biological Evolution: The diversification of life through adaptation and natural selection.
- Geological Evolution: The evolution of land masses, the oceans, and the atmosphere
- Cultural Evolution: The transmission of knowledge, tools, and social practices, seen especially in certain animals, including humans.
Galactic History
The scientific account of the universe’s evolution, from the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. This history provides the cosmic stage for Earth and life. Galactic history includes black holes.
Mythic History
The symbolic and imaginative narratives that connect human experience to larger-than-life meanings. Mythic histories evolve over time, offering frameworks for understanding existence and pointing toward spiritual dimensions of reality.
Divine History
The unfolding story of God, understood in process philosophy as relational and evolving. God’s history is shaped by creativity, love, and the interplay of all other histories, weaving them into a cosmic narrative of connection and possibility.
History and Value
These histories can be imagined as concentric circles, with debates about which circle is the most inclusive or fundamental. For some, galactic history will be the most inclusive, while for others the divine history will be most inclusive. Moreover, skeptics may view mythic and divine histories as unreal, mere projections of the human psyche, relegating them to the periphery of significance. Others, however, may consider mythic or divine histories to be at the very center, the most encompassing and foundational to all others.
Alternatively, these histories can also be imagined as internetworking spheres of influence, like tributaries of a river, where each history interacts dynamically with the others. In this view, no single history is universally primary. Instead, their relevance shifts depending on the context. For instance, Earth history may be most relevant when addressing ecological crises, while divine or mythic histories might provide meaning and guidance in spiritual or moral contexts.
This flexible framework allows for a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between histories, where their significance is relational rather than hierarchical.
History and Value
This inclusive history does not necessarily unfold in a straightforward or linear sequence. Nor can it always be understood as a progression toward higher values. While certain dimensions of history—such as biological or cultural evolution—may exhibit patterns of increasing complexity or creativity, other dimensions may not. Instead, histories often unfold in multifaceted and unpredictable ways, shaped by relational dynamics, contextual needs, and moments of novelty.
From a process perspective, value lies not in linear progression but in the richness and vitality of experience within any given context. A single moment of profound relationality or creativity can be as valuable as an epochal shift in cultural or biological history. Value is found in the capacity of histories to evoke depth, connection, and novelty, regardless of their scale or scope.
This perspective invites us to appreciate the diversity of historical unfolding, recognizing that different dimensions of history may take precedence in different contexts. For example, personal history may be most meaningful in times of grief or celebration, while Earth history might guide ecological reflection. This flexibility underscores the dynamic and relational nature of value, aligning it with the vitality of lived experience rather than abstract hierarchies.
A Dynamic and Participatory Vision
Process philosophy and theology emphasize that the ten kinds of history identified above are not isolated strands but deeply interwoven. Personal histories shape and are shaped by local and regional narratives, which are embedded in Earth history. Earth history, in turn, unfolds within galactic history, while mythic and divine histories imbue these narratives with layers of meaning and purpose.
This vision of history highlights the interconnectedness and creativity at the heart of existence. We are not passive observers but active participants in the unfolding of these histories. Each moment offers an opportunity to contribute to the ongoing story of becoming, shaping the future while being transformed by it.
By embracing this relational perspective, we are invited to see our lives as part of a larger, evolving story—a story rooted in the richness of the past, alive in the present, and open to the promise of the future. This is a story of creativity, newness, and interconnected growth, a dynamic dance of histories weaving together the tapestry of existence.
Alternatively, these histories can also be imagined as internetworking spheres of influence, like tributaries of a river, where each history interacts dynamically with the others. In this view, no single history is universally primary. Instead, their relevance shifts depending on the context. For instance, Earth history may be most relevant when addressing ecological crises, while divine or mythic histories might provide meaning and guidance in spiritual or moral contexts.
This flexible framework allows for a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between histories, where their significance is relational rather than hierarchical.
History and Value
This inclusive history does not necessarily unfold in a straightforward or linear sequence. Nor can it always be understood as a progression toward higher values. While certain dimensions of history—such as biological or cultural evolution—may exhibit patterns of increasing complexity or creativity, other dimensions may not. Instead, histories often unfold in multifaceted and unpredictable ways, shaped by relational dynamics, contextual needs, and moments of novelty.
From a process perspective, value lies not in linear progression but in the richness and vitality of experience within any given context. A single moment of profound relationality or creativity can be as valuable as an epochal shift in cultural or biological history. Value is found in the capacity of histories to evoke depth, connection, and novelty, regardless of their scale or scope.
This perspective invites us to appreciate the diversity of historical unfolding, recognizing that different dimensions of history may take precedence in different contexts. For example, personal history may be most meaningful in times of grief or celebration, while Earth history might guide ecological reflection. This flexibility underscores the dynamic and relational nature of value, aligning it with the vitality of lived experience rather than abstract hierarchies.
A Dynamic and Participatory Vision
Process philosophy and theology emphasize that the ten kinds of history identified above are not isolated strands but deeply interwoven. Personal histories shape and are shaped by local and regional narratives, which are embedded in Earth history. Earth history, in turn, unfolds within galactic history, while mythic and divine histories imbue these narratives with layers of meaning and purpose.
This vision of history highlights the interconnectedness and creativity at the heart of existence. We are not passive observers but active participants in the unfolding of these histories. Each moment offers an opportunity to contribute to the ongoing story of becoming, shaping the future while being transformed by it.
By embracing this relational perspective, we are invited to see our lives as part of a larger, evolving story—a story rooted in the richness of the past, alive in the present, and open to the promise of the future. This is a story of creativity, newness, and interconnected growth, a dynamic dance of histories weaving together the tapestry of existence.
Divine History
The Inclusiveness of Divine History
Divine history encompasses and interacts with all other histories, offering a perspective that integrates their diverse dimensions. It is not merely a meta-narrative imposed from above but an evolving story shaped by the relational interplay of all beings and events. In this sense, divine history is not hierarchical; it does not demand primacy over other histories. Instead, it offers a participatory framework where the richness of momentary, personal, and local histories finds its place within a broader cosmic and spiritual context.
Divine History as a Repository of Value
In process thought, value arises from the relational intensity and depth of experience. Each moment of history, no matter how small, contributes to the larger story of the universe, adding its unique texture to the divine memory. God, as envisioned in process philosophy, holds these experiences in the consequent nature—a reservoir of all that has been felt, loved, and endured. This divine receptacle is not passive; it transforms the raw materials of history, weaving them into a harmonious whole that enriches the universe and reflects back possibilities for new forms of value.
The Lure Toward New Forms of Value
God’s history is not only a repository of what has been but also a lure toward what can be. Divine history unfolds as a creative advance into novelty, where the past is integrated into an evolving present that opens pathways to the future. God’s role as a lure is persuasive rather than coercive, inviting each moment and each being toward greater richness of experience, deeper connection, and more profound expressions of creativity. This lure is universal, touching all dimensions of history, from the personal to the cosmic, guiding the unfolding of life in ways that honor its freedom and complexity.
Relational Dynamism: Weaving Histories Together
The relationship between divine history and other histories is not one of dominance but of mutual influence and co-creation. Momentary and personal histories feed into the divine narrative, while divine history provides a reservoir of possibilities that inspire and shape new moments. This relational dynamism ensures that no history is isolated; each contributes to the ongoing process of becoming. In this way, divine history embodies a dynamic interplay of remembrance and renewal, offering a vision of existence that is deeply participatory and ever-evolving.
Living Within Divine History
To live within divine history is to embrace our role as co-creators in the unfolding story of the universe. It is to recognize that our personal histories, with all their struggles and joys, are woven into a larger narrative of relationality and creativity. Divine history calls us to honor the value of each moment, to engage actively with the possibilities before us, and to trust in the transformative power of love and connection. It reminds us that even amidst tragedy and loss, there is a divine companion weaving the threads of history into a tapestry of tragic beauty and hope.
Toward a Cosmic Harmony
Ultimately, divine history points toward a cosmic harmony where all experiences, no matter how painful or fragmented, find their place within a larger, meaningful whole. This harmony is not a simplistic resolution of conflicts but a profound integration of contrasts—a tragic beauty that holds the depth of suffering and the heights of joy in creative tension. In this vision, God’s role as both the receptacle of history and the lure toward new possibilities ensures that the story of the universe is one of ongoing creativity, love, and transformation.
Divine history encompasses and interacts with all other histories, offering a perspective that integrates their diverse dimensions. It is not merely a meta-narrative imposed from above but an evolving story shaped by the relational interplay of all beings and events. In this sense, divine history is not hierarchical; it does not demand primacy over other histories. Instead, it offers a participatory framework where the richness of momentary, personal, and local histories finds its place within a broader cosmic and spiritual context.
Divine History as a Repository of Value
In process thought, value arises from the relational intensity and depth of experience. Each moment of history, no matter how small, contributes to the larger story of the universe, adding its unique texture to the divine memory. God, as envisioned in process philosophy, holds these experiences in the consequent nature—a reservoir of all that has been felt, loved, and endured. This divine receptacle is not passive; it transforms the raw materials of history, weaving them into a harmonious whole that enriches the universe and reflects back possibilities for new forms of value.
The Lure Toward New Forms of Value
God’s history is not only a repository of what has been but also a lure toward what can be. Divine history unfolds as a creative advance into novelty, where the past is integrated into an evolving present that opens pathways to the future. God’s role as a lure is persuasive rather than coercive, inviting each moment and each being toward greater richness of experience, deeper connection, and more profound expressions of creativity. This lure is universal, touching all dimensions of history, from the personal to the cosmic, guiding the unfolding of life in ways that honor its freedom and complexity.
Relational Dynamism: Weaving Histories Together
The relationship between divine history and other histories is not one of dominance but of mutual influence and co-creation. Momentary and personal histories feed into the divine narrative, while divine history provides a reservoir of possibilities that inspire and shape new moments. This relational dynamism ensures that no history is isolated; each contributes to the ongoing process of becoming. In this way, divine history embodies a dynamic interplay of remembrance and renewal, offering a vision of existence that is deeply participatory and ever-evolving.
Living Within Divine History
To live within divine history is to embrace our role as co-creators in the unfolding story of the universe. It is to recognize that our personal histories, with all their struggles and joys, are woven into a larger narrative of relationality and creativity. Divine history calls us to honor the value of each moment, to engage actively with the possibilities before us, and to trust in the transformative power of love and connection. It reminds us that even amidst tragedy and loss, there is a divine companion weaving the threads of history into a tapestry of tragic beauty and hope.
Toward a Cosmic Harmony
Ultimately, divine history points toward a cosmic harmony where all experiences, no matter how painful or fragmented, find their place within a larger, meaningful whole. This harmony is not a simplistic resolution of conflicts but a profound integration of contrasts—a tragic beauty that holds the depth of suffering and the heights of joy in creative tension. In this vision, God’s role as both the receptacle of history and the lure toward new possibilities ensures that the story of the universe is one of ongoing creativity, love, and transformation.
Scriptural Revelation in History
Is there a role for scriptural revelation in history? The answer is a resounding Yes, particularly when viewed through the lens of process philosophy or a relational worldview. In this perspective, the divine reality—God—lures human beings and societies toward the realization of certain forms of wisdom. These insights, once realized, can be communicated in verbal and textual forms, becoming part of what we might call scriptural revelation. Such revelation can also occur through music, dance, ritual, and, in our time, film. It need not be considered "religious" in order to effectively communicate divine lures. However, the revelation is always contextually shaped, depending on the specific cultural, historical, social, linguistic, and geographical conditions in which it emerges.
The Divine Lure and Human Receptivity
Receptivity to this divine lure is not uniform and is profoundly influenced by the personality, spiritual disposition, and openness of the recipients. The divine does not coerce but invites, and this invitation may be responded to in ways that reflect the complexities of human agency and limitation. Linguistic, cultural, and historical contexts significantly shape how revelations are articulated, understood, and transmitted. For instance, the poetic imagery of the Psalms, the moral directives of the Torah, the parables of Jesus, the hymns of the Vedas, or the moral and spiritual guidance of the Qur’an all reflect the particularities of their times and places while also carrying universal themes that transcend their origins.
The Role of Interpretation and Contextualization
The reception and interpretation of revelation are themselves dynamic processes. Recipients of revelation—whether individuals, communities, or societies—inevitably interpret and reinterpret the divine message through their own lenses. These interpretations may be profound and transformative, leading to moral, aesthetic, and spiritual enrichment. Yet, they may also be flawed or misdirected, shaped by the biases and limitations of the interpreters.
Over time, the meanings attributed to scriptural revelation can evolve. They may deepen, becoming more inclusive and enriched as human understanding grows. Conversely, they may also decline, becoming rigid, exclusionary, or distorted under the influence of historical or institutional forces. The Qur’an’s emphasis on justice, compassion, and mercy, or the Vedas’ poetic reflections on the nature of existence and the interconnectedness of life, can be profound sources of wisdom when interpreted in ways that align with these core principles. However, as history shows, these same texts can also be misappropriated when interpretations lose touch with their deeper meanings.
Scripture Is Part of, Not Apart from, Tradition
Scripture does not exist in isolation but is deeply embedded within and shaped by the broader fabric of religious tradition. Traditions provide the contexts in which scripture is interpreted, understood, and lived out. For example, the Vedas are part of a rich oral and ritual tradition that continues to shape Hindu life and thought, just as the Qur’an is intertwined with Islamic practices such as prayer, jurisprudence, and community life. In Christianity, the Bible itself was canonized within the living tradition of the church and continues to be interpreted in dialogue with theological, liturgical, and ethical traditions.
Recognizing scripture as part of tradition emphasizes its relational nature. Tradition serves as a dynamic conversation in which scriptures are neither static nor final but are continually re-engaged and reinterpreted. This ongoing process ensures that scripture remains a living resource, capable of speaking to new generations and contexts.
Revelation Is Continuing
In a relational worldview, revelation is not a one-time event but an ongoing process. The divine lure that inspired the prophets, sages, and mystics of the past continues to inspire individuals and communities today. New insights, visions, and interpretations arise in response to the evolving circumstances of history, contributing to the ongoing development of tradition and scripture.
For instance, the Qur’an emphasizes that God's guidance is continual, responding to the needs of the community. Similarly, the Vedas, with their hymns and philosophical texts, embody a view of wisdom that is constantly unfolding. Process philosophy affirms this dynamic understanding, suggesting that God continually offers fresh possibilities and lures toward deeper truths, inviting humanity into an ever-evolving partnership of co-creation.
This view does not diminish the importance of foundational scriptures but rather enriches them, showing that they are part of a larger, ongoing revelation. It also invites humility and openness, reminding us that the divine word is never fully exhausted in any one text or tradition.
Revelation as a Relational Process
In this relational view, revelation is not a static deposit of truth but an ongoing, participatory process. Scriptures can play a constructive role in history, serving as catalysts for insights that shape moral, spiritual, and aesthetic dimensions of human life. At their best, they inspire individuals and communities toward greater compassion, justice, and harmony with the whole of life. The wisdom they contain is not fixed but evolves as it is interpreted and reinterpreted in light of new challenges and opportunities.
A Constructive Role in History
In sum, scriptural revelation can play a vital and constructive role in the unfolding of history. By mediating the divine lure, scriptures contribute to the moral and aesthetic enrichment of human life, offering insights that can foster growth, compassion, and justice. However, their impact depends on how they are received, interpreted, and lived out in the ever-changing contexts of human experience. In this way, scriptures such as the Qur’an, the Vedas, the Bible, and others remain dynamic participants in the ongoing history of the world, offering opportunities for transformation and renewal as humanity continues its journey toward greater wholeness.
Science as Revelation
Revelation, traditionally understood as divine communication through sacred texts, prophets, or spiritual insight, can also encompass the discoveries made through scientific inquiry. The divine reality is a lure toward understanding, and science is a conduit through which it works, In our time, the tools of science, such as the microscope and the telescope, provide new windows into the mysteries of existence. These discoveries expand our understanding of the cosmos and invite awe, wonder, and a deeper sense of connection to the divine. Here are some examples of revelation through science:
The Depths of Atoms:
Quantum Mechanics: The discovery that particles can exist in superpositions and entanglements has reshaped our understanding of reality. The probabilistic nature of quantum physics challenges deterministic worldviews and opens philosophical and theological discussions about free will and divine action.
Subatomic Particles: The identification of particles like quarks, neutrinos, and the Higgs boson (often called the "God particle") reveals the intricate and invisible building blocks of matter.
The Breadth of the Heavens:
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Observing the birth of stars, the formation of galaxies, and the presence of exoplanets with the JWST provides a glimpse into the vastness and creativity of the universe. The discovery of potentially habitable worlds invites reflections on the possibility of life beyond Earth.
The Big Bang Theory: The understanding that the universe began as a singularity around 13.8 billion years ago offers insights into cosmic origins, resonating with themes of creation found in many religious traditions.
Microscopic Revelation:
Cellular Biology: The study of DNA and the genome has uncovered the molecular blueprint of life. The complexity and elegance of genetic structures can be seen as an unfolding of divine creativity in the language of biology.
Microbial Life: The role of microbes in ecosystems, health, and evolution demonstrates the interconnectivity of all life forms, echoing spiritual teachings about the unity of creation.
Cosmic Revelation:
Black Holes: The study of black holes, regions of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape, challenges our understanding of physics and hints at the mysteries of the universe that remain beyond human comprehension.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The realization that most of the universe is composed of unseen and poorly understood entities underscores the humility required in both science and theology.
Ecological Revelation:
Climate Science: Understanding the interconnectedness of Earth's systems through climate research highlights humanity's responsibility as stewards of creation, aligning with religious calls for care of the planet.
Biodiversity: Discovering the vast diversity of life on Earth through ecological and genetic studies reveals the richness of divine creativity.
Human Revelation:
Neuroscience: Exploring the workings of the human brain and consciousness raises profound questions about the nature of the soul, free will, and the divine image in humanity.
Artificial Intelligence: The development of AI and its implications for human creativity and decision-making brings new dimensions to discussions of divine inspiration and human responsibility.
Integrating Science and Religion
By recognizing scientific discovery as a form of revelation, we can cultivate a richer, more integrated understanding of the divine and the cosmos. Tools like the microscope and telescope complement spiritual practices, offering new ways to encounter the sacred in the natural world. Together, they inspire awe, deepen our ethical commitments, and enrich our understanding of life's mysteries.
Ecological Civilizations
Are we up to the Calling?
In this era of the Anthropocene, we stand at a pivotal moment in Earth’s history—a moment when the human role has become an overarching force, for both good and ill. Process philosophy invites us to see ourselves not as apart from this history but as deeply embedded within it, participants in an evolving story where our choices shape the future of life on Earth. It urges us to recognize the divine lure calling us toward the creation of communities that embody love: communities that are creative, compassionate, participatory, inclusive, humane to animals, and good for the Earth—with no one left behind.
This is our historic calling. It is an invitation to rise above the destructive patterns of the past and embrace the possibility of a world where we live with respect and care for one another and for the larger community of life. These “communities of love” are not merely idealistic dreams but practical necessities for a sustainable and meaningful future.
The question remains: are we up to this calling? The path ahead is challenging, requiring imagination, cooperation, and courage. But it is also filled with the promise of transformation—a chance to co-create a future where the flourishing of all life becomes our guiding principle. This is our opportunity, as individuals and as a species, to align ourselves with the deep interconnectedness of existence and to respond to the divine lure with creativity, care, and love.
The answer to the question lies not in abstract philosophy but in the daily lives we choose to lead. It is a question of faith, action, and hope—of whether we will rise to the challenge of living as part of, not apart from, the world that sustains us. Let this essay, then, serve as both a reflection and a call to action: a reminder of what is at stake and an encouragement to embrace the historic task before us. Together, we can take steps toward communities of love and a planet renewed.
This is our historic calling. It is an invitation to rise above the destructive patterns of the past and embrace the possibility of a world where we live with respect and care for one another and for the larger community of life. These “communities of love” are not merely idealistic dreams but practical necessities for a sustainable and meaningful future.
The question remains: are we up to this calling? The path ahead is challenging, requiring imagination, cooperation, and courage. But it is also filled with the promise of transformation—a chance to co-create a future where the flourishing of all life becomes our guiding principle. This is our opportunity, as individuals and as a species, to align ourselves with the deep interconnectedness of existence and to respond to the divine lure with creativity, care, and love.
The answer to the question lies not in abstract philosophy but in the daily lives we choose to lead. It is a question of faith, action, and hope—of whether we will rise to the challenge of living as part of, not apart from, the world that sustains us. Let this essay, then, serve as both a reflection and a call to action: a reminder of what is at stake and an encouragement to embrace the historic task before us. Together, we can take steps toward communities of love and a planet renewed.
T